PCB Technical - Common faults and manufacturing process of multilayer PCB

PCB, commonly known as printed circuit board, is an indispensable part of electronic components and plays a core role. In a series of PCB production processes, there are many matching points. If you are not careful, the board will have defects, which will affect your whole body, and PCB quality problems will emerge endlessly. Therefore, after the circuit board is manufactured and formed, the inspection test becomes an indispensable link. Let me share with you the faults of PCB circuit boards and their solutions.

1. The PCB board is often delamination in use

Reason: (1) Supplier material or process problem

(2) Poor design material selection and copper surface distribution

(3) The storage time is too long, the storage period is exceeded, and the PCB board is damp

(4) Improper packaging or storage, damp

Countermeasures: Choose the packaging and use constant temperature and humidity equipment for storage. Do a good job of PCB factory reliability test, such as: thermal stress test test in PCB reliability test, the responsible supplier is to use more than 5 times of non-layering as the standard, and it will be confirmed in the sample stage and each cycle of mass production. The general manufacturer may only request 2 times, and only confirm once a few months. The IR test of simulated placement can also prevent the outflow of defective products more, which is a must for an excellent PCB factory. In addition, the Tg of the PCB board should be selected above 145°C, so that it is safer.

Reliability testing equipment: constant temperature and humidity box, stress screening type thermal shock test box, PCB reliability testing equipment

2. The solderability of the PCB board is poor

Reasons: too long storage time, resulting in moisture absorption, contamination and oxidation of the layout, abnormal black nickel, solder resist SCUM (shadow), and solder resist PAD.

Solution: Strictly pay attention to the quality control plan of the PCB factory and the standards for maintenance when purchasing. For example, for black nickel, it needs to see whether the PCB board production plant has chemical gold out, whether the chemical gold wire concentration is stable, whether the analysis frequency is sufficient, whether there is a regular gold stripping test and phosphorus content test for testing, and whether the internal solderability test is Have good execution and so on.

3. The PCB board is bent and warped

Reasons: unreasonable material selection by the supplier, poor control of heavy industry, improper storage, abnormal operation line, obvious differences in copper area of each layer, and insufficient production of broken holes.

Countermeasures: pressurize the thin board with wood pulp board before packaging and shipping to avoid deformation in the future. If necessary, add a fixture to the patch to prevent the device from bending the board excessively. The PCB needs to simulate the mounting IR conditions for testing before packaging, so as to avoid the undesirable phenomenon of plate bending after the furnace.

4. PCB board impedance is poor

Reason: The impedance difference between PCB batches is relatively large.

Countermeasures: The manufacturer is required to attach batch test reports and impedance strips when delivering, and if necessary, provide comparative data on the inner wire diameter and the side wire diameter of the board.

5. Anti-welding blistering/falling off

Reason: There is a difference in the selection of solder mask inks, the PCB solder mask process is abnormal, caused by heavy industry or excessively high patch temperature.

Countermeasures: PCB suppliers should formulate reliability test requirements for PCB boards and control them in different production processes.

6. The Avani effect

Reason: In the process of OSP and Dajinmian, electrons will dissolve into copper ions, resulting in a difference in potential between gold and copper.

Countermeasures: manufacturers need to pay close attention to the control of the potential difference between gold and copper in the production process.

Manufacturing process of multilayer PCB circuit board

As electronic products demand more and more functions, the structure of PCB circuit boards is becoming more and more complex. Due to the space limitation of PCB boards, circuit boards are gradually "evolving" from single-layer to double-layer to multilayer. So what is the difference between the manufacturing process of the multilayer PCB and the double-layer PCB?

Multilayer PCB circuit board is a kind of printed circuit board which is laminated and bonded by alternating conductive pattern layers and insulating materials. The number of layers of the conductive pattern is more than three, and the electrical interconnection between the layers is realized through metallized holes. If one double-sided board is used as the inner layer, two single-sided boards are used as the outer layer, or two double-sided boards are used as the inner layer and two single-sided boards are used as the outer layer, the positioning system and the insulating bonding material are laminated together, and the conductive pattern is pressed together. The design requires interconnection, which becomes a four-layer or six-layer printed circuit board, also called a multilayer PCB circuit board.

Multilayer PCB circuit boards are generally made of epoxy glass cloth copper clad laminates, and their manufacturing process is developed on the basis of the process of plated-through double-sided boards. Its general process is to first etch the graphics of the inner layer board, and after the blackening treatment, add the prepreg according to the predetermined design for stacking, and then put a piece of copper foil on the upper and lower surfaces, and send it to the press for heating. After pressing, a "double-sided copper clad laminate" with an inner layer pattern prepared is obtained, and then numerically controlled drilling is performed according to the pre-designed positioning system. After drilling, the hole wall should be etched and de-drilled, and then the process of double-sided plated hole printed circuit board can be carried out.