PCB Technical - What is flash gold PCB plating

There are many friends who work in the PCBA system assembly plant in the later stage. They have not been very clear and unclear about the "hard gold", "soft gold" and "flash gold" on the circuit board. Some people still think that electroplating gold is Must be hard gold? And chemical gold must be soft gold? In fact, this division method can only say that the answer is half right.

Differences and characteristics of hard gold,soft gold and flash gold:

Electroplated nickel gold

"Plating gold" itself can be divided into hard gold and soft gold.Because electroplated hard gold is actually an electroplated alloy (that is, plated with Au and other metals), the hardness will be relatively hard, and it is suitable for use in places that require force and friction. In the electronics industry,it is generally used as the edge of the circuit board.Contact point (commonly known as "gold finger",as shown in the front picture). The soft gold is generally used for aluminum wire on COB (Chip On Board), or the contact surface of mobile phone keys. Recently, it has been widely used on the front and back of the BGA substrate.

The purpose of electroplating is basically to electroplating "gold" on the copper skin of the circuit board,but if "gold" and "copper" are in direct contact, there will be a physical reaction of electron migration and diffusion (the relationship of potential difference), so it must be electroplated first A layer of "nickel" is used as a barrier layer,and then gold is electroplated on top of the nickel, so what we generally call electroplated gold,its actual name should be called "electroplated nickel gold".

Hard gold and soft gold

The difference between hard gold and soft gold is the composition of the last layer of gold that is plated on. When plating gold,you can choose to electroplate pure gold or alloy. Because the hardness of pure gold is relatively soft, it is also called "soft gold." . Because "gold" can form a good alloy with "aluminum",COB will particularly require the thickness of this layer of pure gold when making aluminum wires.

In addition,if you choose to electroplated gold-nickel alloy or gold-cobalt alloy, because the alloy will be harder than pure gold, it is also called "hard gold".

The electroplating procedure of soft gold and hard gold:

Soft gold: pickling - electroplating nickel - electroplating pure gold

Hard gold: pickling - nickel plating - pre-gold plating (flash gold) - plating gold nickel or gold cobalt alloy

Chemical gold

"Chemical gold" is mostly used to call this ENIG (Electroless Nickel Immersion Gold) surface treatment method.Its advantage is that "nickel" and "gold" can be attached to the copper skin without using the complicated copying process of electroplating,and its surface is flatter than electroplating gold,which is suitable for the shrinking electronic parts and the demanding high flatness. The fine pitch is especially important.

Since ENIG uses a chemical replacement method to produce the effect of the surface gold layer,the maximum thickness of the gold layer cannot reach the same thickness as electroplated gold in principle, and the more the bottom layer is, the less the gold content will be.

Because of the principle of replacement, ENIG's gold-plated layer belongs to "pure gold", so it is often classified as a kind of "soft gold", and some people use it as the surface treatment of COB aluminum wire, but it must It is strictly required that the thickness of the gold layer should be at least 3～5 micro-inches (μ"). Generally, it is difficult to achieve a gold thickness of more than 5μ". A too thin gold layer will affect the adhesion of the aluminum wire. ; The general electroplating gold can easily reach a thickness of 15 micro-inches (μ") or more, but the price will increase with the thickness of the gold layer.

Flash Gold

The term "flash gold" comes from the English Flash, which means fast gold plating. In fact, it is the "pre-gold plating" process of hard gold electroplating. In a bath with a thicker gold, a denser but thinner gold-plated layer is formed on the performance of the nickel layer first, so that the subsequent electroplating of gold-nickel or gold-cobalt alloy can be more convenient. Some people see that PCBs with gold plating can also be made in this way, and the price is cheap and the time is shortened,so some people sell such flash gold PCB.

Because "flash gold" lacks the subsequent gold electroplating process, its cost is much cheaper than real electroplating gold, but also because its "gold" layer is very thin, it generally cannot effectively cover all the nickel layers under the gold layer. Therefore, it is easier to cause the oxidation of the circuit board after being stored for too long, which will affect the solderability.

The process of flash gold plating is to dissolve nickel and gold (commonly known as gold salts) in a chemical solution, immerse the circuit board into the plating tank and electrify it, thus generating a nickel-gold plating layer on the surface of the copper foil of the circuit board. This method is widely used in electronic products due to the advantages of high hardness of the plating layer, resistance to wear and oxidation.

Characteristics of Flash Gold

Thin Layer: Flash gold refers to a thin layer of gold, which is suitable for boards that require a high level of metal plating thickness.

Conductivity and Cost: Flash gold plating provides good conductivity at a low cost for cost-effective applications.

Advantages and Disadvantages

Pros: Flash gold plating is relatively low cost and offers good conductivity and wear resistance.

Disadvantages: Due to the thinness of the gold layer in flash gold plating,it is usually not effective in covering all of the nickel underneath the gold layer,which can lead to plating problems when stored for long periods of time.In view of many current circuit board surface treatment methods,the cost of electroplating nickel gold is relatively high compared to other surface treatment methods (such as ENIG, OSP). With the current high gold price, it has been seldom used.Unless there is a special purpose, such as the contact surface treatment of the connector,and the need for sliding contact components (such as gold fingers...), etc.,but in terms of the current circuit board surface treatment technology, electroplating of nickel and gold plating Has good anti-friction ability and excellent anti-oxidation ability is unmatched.