PCB Technical - PCB industry chain analysis

Printed circuit board (PCB) is a substrate used for assembling electronic parts, and is a printed circuit board that connects points and prints components on a common base material according to a predetermined design. The main function of the product is to make various electronic components form a predetermined circuit connection, which plays the role of relay transmission, and is the key electronic interconnection of electronic products. The quality of PCB manufacturing not only directly affects the reliability of electronic products, but also affects the overall competitiveness of system products. Therefore, printed circuit boards are called "the mother of electronic system products." The development level of the printed circuit board industry can reflect to a certain extent the development speed and technical level of the electronics industry in a country or region.

Glass fiber yarn: The glass fiber yarn is calcined into a liquid state from raw materials such as silica sand in the kiln. It is drawn into a very fine glass fiber through a very small alloy nozzle, and then hundreds of glass fibers are twisted into a glass fiber yarn. The kiln construction investment is huge. It is a capital-intensive industry. A 30,000-ton kiln requires 400 million yuan. It takes 18 months to build a new kiln. The business cycle is difficult to grasp, and once it is ignited, it must be produced 24 hours a day, and more than five years. Around this time, production must be stopped for half a year for maintenance, and the cost of entry and exit is huge.

Fiberglass cloth: Fiberglass cloth is one of the raw materials of copper clad laminates. It is woven from glass fiber yarn and accounts for about 40% (thick board) and 25% (thin board) of the cost of the copper clad laminate. Glass fiber cloth manufacturing is similar to weaving companies. The production capacity and quality can be controlled by controlling the speed, and the specifications are relatively single and stable. There has been almost no major change in specifications since World War II. Unlike CCL, the price of fiberglass cloth is most affected by the relationship between supply and demand. In recent years, the price has fluctuated between US$0.50 and US$1.00 per meter. At present, the production capacity of Taiwan and Mainland China accounts for about 70% of the world's total. The relationship between upstream and downstream is the key to operation. The price of a loom is 100,000 to 150,000. Generally, more than 100 can be produced normally. However, the subsequent heat treatment and chemical treatment equipment require higher funds, reaching tens of millions. The capacity expansion of cloth is easy and flexible.

Copper foil: Copper foil is the raw material that accounts for the largest proportion of the cost of copper clad laminates, accounting for about 30% (thick plate) and 50% (thin plate) of the cost of copper clad laminates. Therefore, the price increase of copper foil is the main driving force for the price increase of copper clad laminates. . Copper foil is widely used, not only in the copper clad laminate industry. When the copper clad laminate industry is in a downturn, copper foil manufacturers can switch to copper foil for other purposes. The price of copper foil is closely reflected in changes in the price of copper. As the price of copper continues to rise, copper foil manufacturers are shifting cost pressures downstream. The high-tech barriers in the copper foil industry have led to insufficient domestic supply. High-grade copper foil still needs to be imported in large quantities, and the cost of investment in setting up factories is also very high.

Copper Clad Laminate (CCL for short): It is based on electronic grade glass fiber cloth, impregnated with epoxy resin, and dried into a semi-cured state bonding sheet, and then on one side, two sides or multiple layers The surface of the board is covered with a thin copper foil, which is made under a special hot pressing process, which is the direct raw material of PCB. The copper clad laminate industry requires a large amount of funds, with a small-scale factory of about 50 million yuan, a high degree of concentration, and there are about 100 in the country. The copper clad laminate industry is a cost-driven cyclical industry. In the upstream and downstream industry chain structure, CCL has strong bargaining power for PCBs. As long as downstream demand is sufficient, the pressure of rising costs can be passed on to downstream PCB manufacturers, but only with a large scale. CCL can have a strong voice in the procurement of raw materials such as fiberglass cloth and copper foil. Due to the single use of copper clad laminate products, they can only be sold to printed circuit board manufacturers. When the PCB is in a recession, the price can only be lowered to ensure the utilization of production capacity.

PCB: Compared with the upstream and downstream industries, the characteristics of the printed circuit board industry determine that its industry concentration is not high; in the fierce market competition environment, only those companies with good market positioning and high operational efficiency can have long-term competitiveness. An ordinary PCB The production line needs more than 20 million yuan, the multilayer board needs 50 million yuan, and the HDI needs more than 200 million yuan. Due to the huge industry, the division of labor is very fine, there is a single-station outsourcing specializing in drilling and other processes, and the supply of low-end products exceeds demand. High-end printed circuit board industries such as HDI are capital and labor-intensive industries, and have relatively high requirements for management and technology, which often become a bottleneck for capacity expansion.