PCB News - PCB design question and answer series

PCB design question and answer series and the meaning of each layer of the PCB board

1. How to choose PCB board?

The choice of PCB board must strike a balance between meeting design requirements and mass production and cost. The design requirements include both electrical and mechanical parts. This material issue is usually more important when designing very high-speed PCB boards(frequency greater than GHz). For example, the commonly used FR-4 material, the dielectric loss at a frequency of several GHz will have a great influence on the signal attenuation, and may not be suitable. As far as electricity is concerned, pay attention to whether the dielectric constant and dielectric loss are suitable for the designed frequency.

2. How to avoid high frequency interference?

The basic idea of avoiding high-frequency interference is to minimize the electromagnetic field interference of high-frequency signals, which is the so-called crosstalk (Crosstalk). You can increase the distance between the high-speed signal and the analog signal, or add ground guard/shunt traces next to the analog signal. Also pay attention to the noise interference from the digital ground to the analog ground.

3. How to solve the problem of signal integrity in high-speed design?

Signal integrity is basically a problem of impedance matching. The factors that affect impedance matching include the structure and output impedance of the signal source, the characteristic impedance of the trace, the characteristics of the load end, and the topology of the trace. The solution is to rely on the topology of termination and adjustment of the wiring.

4. How is the differential wiring method realized?

There are two points to pay attention to in the layout of the differential pair. One is that the length of the two wires should be as long as possible, and the other is that the distance between the two wires (this distance is determined by the differential impedance) has to be kept constant, that is, to keep parallel. There are two parallel ways, one is that the two wires run on the same side-by-side, and the other is that the two wires run on two adjacent layers above and below (over-under). Generally, the former side-by-side (side-by-side, side-by-side) is implemented in more ways.

5. How to implement differential wiring for a clock signal line with only one output terminal?

To use differential wiring, it makes sense that both the signal source and the receiving end are differential signals. Therefore, it is impossible to use differential wiring for a clock signal with only one output terminal.

6. Can a matching resistor be added between the differential line pairs at the receiving end?

The matching resistance between the differential line pairs at the receiving end is usually added, and its value should be equal to the value of the differential impedance. This way the signal quality will be better.

7. Why should the wiring of the differential pair be close and parallel?

The wiring method of the differential pair should be close and parallel appropriately. The so-called appropriate proximity is because the distance will affect the value of differential impedance, which is an important parameter for designing differential pairs. The need for parallelism is also to maintain the consistency of the differential impedance. If the two lines are suddenly far and near, the differential impedance will be inconsistent, which will affect the signal integrity and timing delay.

8. How to deal with some theoretical conflicts in actual wiring

Basically, it is right to divide and isolate the analog/digital ground. It should be noted that the signal trace should not cross the divided place (moat) as much as possible, and the return current path of the power supply and signal should not be too large.

The crystal oscillator is an analog positive feedback oscillation circuit. To have a stable oscillation signal, it must meet the loop gain and phase specifications. The oscillation specifications of this analog signal are easily disturbed. Even if ground guard traces are added, it may not be able to completely isolate the interference. Moreover, if it is too far away, the noise on the ground plane will also affect the positive feedback oscillation circuit. Therefore, the distance between the crystal oscillator and the chip must be as close as possible.

Indeed, there are many conflicts between high-speed wiring and EMI requirements. But the basic principle is that the resistance and capacitance or ferrite bead added by EMI cannot cause some electrical characteristics of the signal to fail to meet the specifications. Therefore, it is best to first use the skills of arranging traces and PCB stacking to solve or reduce EMI problems, such as high-speed signals through the inner layer. Finally, resistance capacitance or ferrite bead is used to reduce the damage to the signal.

9. How to solve the contradiction between manual wiring and automatic wiring of high-speed signals?

Most of the automatic routers of strong wiring software now have set constraints to control the winding method and the number of vias. The winding engine capabilities and constraint setting items of various EDA companies sometimes differ greatly. For example, whether there are enough constraints to control the way of serpentine winding, whether it is possible to control the trace spacing of the differential pair, etc. This will affect whether the routing method of the automatic routing can meet the designer's idea. In addition, the difficulty of manually adjusting the wiring is also absolutely related to the ability of the winding engine. For example, the pushing ability of the trace, the pushing ability of the via, and even the pushing ability of the trace to the copper coating, and so on. Therefore, choosing a router with strong winding engine capability is the solution.

The above is an introduction to the PCB design question and answer series and the meaning of each layer of the PCB. Ipcb also provides PCB manufacturers and PCB manufacturing technology.